Periodic System for Chemists

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Table
32
72.63

Ge

Germanium

Identification

CAS Number: 7440-56-4
Discovery Year: 1886
Discoverer: Clemens Winkler
Discovery Location: Germany

Properties

Atomic Mass: 72.63 →Density: 5.3234 g/cm³ →
Crust Abundance: 1.5 mg/kg
Crystal Structure: DIA

Atomic Dimensions

Atomic Radius: 125 pm →
Atomic Radius (Rahm): 234 pm
Covalent Radius: 120 pm →
Van der Waals Radius: 211 pm
Metallic Radius: 124 pm
Atomic Volume: 13.6 cm³/mol
Lattice Constant: 5.66 Å

Thermodynamics

Melting Point: 1210.6 K →Boiling Point: 3103 K →Specific Heat: 0.322 J/(g·K) →Thermal Conductivity: 60.2 W/(m·K) →Heat of Fusion: 36.8 kJ/mol →Heat of Vaporization: 328 kJ/mol →
Heat of Formation: 372 kJ/mol

Electronic Structure

Electron Config: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Block: p
Period: 4 →Group: 14 →Electronegativity: 2.01 →Electron Affinity: 1.232712 eV →
Oxidation States: +2, +4

Abundance & Geochemistry

Crust Abundance: 1.5 mg/kg
Sea Abundance: 0.00005 mg/L
Goldschmidt Class: chalcophile

About

Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.

Isotopes

Ge-74 74 36.52%
Ge-72 72 27.45%
Ge-70 70 20.52%
Ge-73 73 7.76%
Ge-76 76 7.75%

Related Elements

Category

Metalloids

Same Group

6 C Carbon14 Si Silicon50 Sn Tin82 Pb Lead114 Fl Flerovium

Same Period

29 Cu Copper30 Zn Zinc31 Ga Gallium33 As Arsenic34 Se Selenium35 Br Bromine

Periodic Trends

Electronegativity →Atomic Radius →Density →Melting Point →

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