Ge

Germanium

Identification

CAS Number: 7440-56-4

Discovery Year: 1886

Discoverer: Clemens Winkler

Discovery Location: Germany

Properties

Atomic Mass: 72.63 →Density: 5.3234 g/cm³ →

Crust Abundance: 1.5 mg/kg

Crystal Structure: DIA

Atomic Dimensions

Atomic Radius: 125 pm →

Atomic Radius (Rahm): 234 pm

Covalent Radius: 120 pm →

Van der Waals Radius: 211 pm

Metallic Radius: 124 pm

Atomic Volume: 13.6 cm³/mol

Lattice Constant: 5.66 Å

Thermodynamics

Melting Point: 1210.6 K →Boiling Point: 3103 K →Specific Heat: 0.322 J/(g·K) →Thermal Conductivity: 60.2 W/(m·K) →Heat of Fusion: 36.8 kJ/mol →Heat of Vaporization: 328 kJ/mol →

Heat of Formation: 372 kJ/mol

Electronic Structure

Electron Config: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

Block: p

Period: 4 →Group: 14 →Electronegativity: 2.01 →Electron Affinity: 1.232712 eV →

Oxidation States: +2, +4

Abundance & Geochemistry

Crust Abundance: 1.5 mg/kg

Sea Abundance: 0.00005 mg/L

Goldschmidt Class: chalcophile

About

Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.

Isotopes

Ge-74 74 36.52%

Ge-72 72 27.45%

Ge-70 70 20.52%

Ge-73 73 7.76%

Ge-76 76 7.75%