Scale	Value	Source	Method
pauling	2.600	Database	The original and most widely used scale, based on bond dissociation energies. Fl...
allen	15.270	Database	Based on the average energy of valence electrons in free atoms. Provides configu...
ghosh	0.233	Database	Theoretical scale based on absolute electronegativity using DFT calculations.
mulliken χ = (IE + EA) / 6.30	N/A	Calculated	Average of ionization energy and electron affinity, normalized to Pauling scale.
allred rochow χ = 0.359 × (Z_eff / r²) + 0.744	2.841	Calculated	Based on effective nuclear charge and covalent radius. Relates to electrostatic ...
sanderson χ = 0.31 × (electron density)^(1/3)	N/A	Calculated	Based on electron density of atoms. Uses concept of stability ratio for equaliza...
gordy χ = 0.31 × (Z_eff / r) + 0.50	3.035	Calculated	Linear relationship between electronegativity, effective charge, and radius.
cottrell sutton χ = 0.35 × (Z_eff / r) + 0.60	3.463	Calculated	Similar to Gordy scale with adjusted empirical constants for better correlation.
nagle χ = (Z_eff^1.5) / (5r)	5.535	Calculated	Density functional approximation emphasizing the role of effective nuclear charg...
martynov batsanov χ = 0.47 × (Z_eff / r) + 0.62	4.464	Calculated	Refinement of charge-to-distance ratio approach with optimized empirical paramet...
li xue χ = (IE₁ + IE₂ + ... + IEₙ) / (5.5n)	3.888	Calculated	Quantum mechanical approach using average of multiple ionization energies of val...